Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) have attracted significant attention in the field of nanobiotechnology due to their unique physicochemical properties, which allow effective conjugation with various biomolecules. The functional groups present in GO, including carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), epoxy, and carbonyl groups, facilitate the formation of covalent bonds with biomolecules. Such conjugation enhances their potential applications in biosensors, drug delivery systems, targeted cancer therapy, and medical diagnostics. This study provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the conjugation of graphene and GO with biomolecules, highlights the strategies for functionalization, and discusses their biomedical applications.
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