Abstract
The relationship between language and society has long occupied a central place in linguistic thought, philosophical inquiry, and social theory. This article examines how the study of language as a social phenomenon has developed from ancient grammatical traditions to contemporary integrative paradigms in linguistics. The research traces major intellectual stages in the evolution of ideas about language and society, including ancient and medieval reflections, nineteenth-century philosophical linguistics, twentieth-century structural, functional, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, cognitive, and critical discourse approaches, as well as their impact on Uzbek linguistics. The study applies historical-comparative, descriptive- analytical, and interpretive methods to systematize the contributions of key scholars such as Pāṇini, Aristotle, Humboldt, Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Labov, Halliday, Hymes, Lakoff, Tomasello, van Dijk, Fairclough, and leading Uzbek linguists. The findings show that language has consistently been understood not merely as a formal system of signs, but as a social, cultural, cognitive, and ideological mechanism. The article argues that modern linguistics has moved toward an integrative model in which language is treated as a multidimensional phenomenon reflecting communication, identity, power, and collective consciousness. This perspective also influenced Uzbek linguistics, where the study of language and society developed from Jadid thought to contemporary sociolinguistic and discourse-oriented research. The article concludes that the relationship between language and society remains one of the most enduring and productive issues in linguistic scholarship.References
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